The penalty bestowed on a person when they order a more expensive beer than they usually drink because someone else is paying. The sheep- tax is most commonly paid when a bit of the more expensive beer is spilled on the orderer.
Origin: Based on the historical practice of taking sheep, wool, etc. as a tax on livestock.
Paul: Hi John, let me buy you a beer. Whatcha drinkin'?
John: (drinking a Miller Lite) I'll have the IPA on tap.
Sheep-Taxing Bartender: (sloshing the beer on John) Oops, I seem to have spilled a bit on you.